Political Aspects of International Business

Political Aspects of International Business International Business (INBU350) The political aspects regard the International Business has been passing through changes that in one way or another affect the organizations. Countries fighting for defend of their territories against others or internal conflicts to keep the democracy alive; for instance the war between Iraq and Iran, or the citizens of Venezuela fighting for the survival of their democracy. As a result the pressure of the non-business situations stimulated the manner that the entrepreneurs do business internationally. Politics and the governments own interest have a direct connection with these change. The managerial method to deal with international business has been transform to better understand the foreign government’s politics. (Fitzpatrick, 1983). They have stimulated the evolution of managerial function involves with the assessment and evaluation of the non-business environment that has current relevance. Companies has to start comprehend how the different governments rules and policies works. Firstly the study of the culture, religion, ethnic, and how others companies making business in that particular country has been successfully. In case of those companies that don’t have the capital to invest in researching companies, can use the internal resources like an embassy together with the local government agencies. Furthermore of the strategy of the organizations to introduce products and services to the foreign nation they have to improve the managerial knowledge about it. Entrepreneurs can avoid unnecessary monetary looses if they watch closely any political movement. However companies have no control of any political status that can affect suddenly their business. In the meantime by tracking the governments issues can minimize any unwanted situation that directly or indirectly affect the company status. On the other hand is not guaranteed that everything going to be under control. Meanwhile the international business has a grow pattern ascendance that will dictate the future of how to make business. Every political issue has a cause and effect besides it negative aspects. The important of the globalization and new comportment to make business internationally has transformed the politics, regulations and policies of those restrictive governments. Additionally the endeavor of the international organizations to achieve and regulates the legal system such as ITC, GATT, and others. On the contrary the international law recognizes the right that any country has to accept or refuse any kind of foreign business in their territories. Meanwhile the United States government stimulated companies to establish operations oversea. Government policies can amend and pact relations with international business. Several reasons may cause governments to modify any deal with the international companies even without notification advance. Politics changes can affect dramatically the manner that international business deal with import, export, and trade with another countries. For example China worked a serious restructuration on their politics and regulations with the international companies, which include better conditions of work for the local employees. (Mcubbrey, 2010) Political and legal risks are two very important aspects of running a business of which an entrepreneur should be aware. Failure to recognize these risks and adjust accordingly could potentially hinder the performance of the overall business ‘As a result’ all this evidence indicates that companies that are looking for introduce of their operations internationally expect in return more than money invested. Therefore is about research and analyze how the country selected works regard the foreign companies. The entrepreneurs have to work with a serious analysis that need to include a investigation about culture, religions, ethnics, needs of the population, government, policies, issues and restrictions. Finally the result of this will be a considerable investment of money and resources and will be necessary a good planning to secure, a profitable returns on investments. By studying the international market, analyzing pros and con, and structure a serious business plan companies can prevent loss investments as a consequences of political risk. References Fitzpatrick, M. (1983)Â  Academic of management. Retrieved from: www. jstor. org/stable/257752 How managing political risk improves global business. Retrieved from: www. pwc. com/us/en/risk-compliance/managing-political-risk-improves-business-performance. jhtm

Making a Wise Choice by Avoiding Early Marriage

He has his whole life ahead of him and he still has lots to learn and experience. . What qualities of a mature person does the author possess? -The author seems to possess the qualities of being a mature, wise and responsible Individual. These are evident In the decisions that he made based on morality and not on emotions. He learned from the experiences of his friends and made a realization that a mature person must not act on Impulse and every decision must be done with critical and reflective thinking. . What qualities of an Immature person do you find In his friends? -Considering the choices made by his friends regarding relationships, we think hat they are Immature In a way how they made decisions without weighing the consequences of their actions. Sure, they were ready to face the foreseen responsibilities of being a father but they were not mentally and financially prepared to create a family of their own. 4. Have you had any encounter with Incidents salary to those of the aut hor?Give a personal reaction to your observation In relation to getting married and having a family. -We haven't had such encounters salary to the author. However, we think that entering a relationship and getting married Is a fastidious decision that requires ore time and experience to learn from. It entails huge responsibility that must not be taken lightly. Not everyone Is destined or given the opportunity to have a family; some embrace the path of single blessedness while others are called to live a religious life.Making a Wise Choice by Avoiding Early Marriage By Karakas-Manual MANUAL, Karakas Pauline D. J. HOBBIES, Mane Crystal JOY L. Responsible individual. These are evident in the decisions that he made based on made a realization that a mature person must not act on impulse and every decision 3. What qualities of an immature person do you find in his friends? Hat they are immature in a way how they made decisions without weighing the 4. Have you had any encounter with incid ents similar to those of the author?Give a personal reaction to your observation in relation to getting married and having a -We haven't had such encounters similar to the author. However, we think that entering a relationship and getting married is a fastidious decision that requires more time and experience to learn from. It entails huge responsibility that must not be taken lightly. Not everyone is destined or given the opportunity to have a family; religious life.

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stem cell - Research Paper Example It has been a debate that covers the treatment, creation, and destruction of human embryos. Stem cells play an intricate part in the development of organisms; hence individuals believe that the manipulation of these cells is wrong. This paper will review the controversy that surrounds stem cell research, and some of the answers given about this controversial subject. The controversy surrounding stem cell research is the taking of embryonic cells from foetuses in order to get material to study. The most opportune time is after conception, or during the 5th or 9th week. This is the time the foetus can start producing these cells. Biologists then use these cells to study their relation to an organism, or immediate environment. The controversy, therefore, borders on ethical boundaries (Robertson, 2010). People believe that it is unethical to manipulate cells to find out about their properties. Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can be manipulated into any specialised cells, for exam ple, the brain cells. With these cells, it is possible for scientists to restore, or regenerate cells that are otherwise, dead. It is through this research that this is made possible. Controversy has come up since during the harvesting of these cells there is the destruction of fertilised human eggs (Snow, 2003). This implies that the egg is killed, which further implies that the infant the egg would have grown into, is ultimately killed. Individuals, including some politicians, are campaigning to have stem cell research illegalised. This is through the belief that stem cell research is killing human life. An example of this is the removal of public funding for all embryonic stem cell research. This happened in the United States. The morality behind stem cell harvesting is still a monumental problem that scientists face. In the harvesting of adult stem cells, the subject is less controversial. This is since human life is not at stake (Snow, 2003). The versatility and availability of adult stem cells has made this possible for scientists and biologists. It raises a little concern to know about the legality of abortion in the Unites States. How can the removal of foetuses become legal, and yet the research carried out on fertilised eggs be branded illegal? It is like the pre-embryos get better treatment than the matured, fertilised egg, which has undergone more stages in the development. This is puzzling to most people who are against both abortion and stem cell research (Panno, 2005). If it is considered a moral thing to do in aborting a foetus, then it should be a moral, funded, and legal thing to carry about stem cell research. Some of the answers given, when it comes to stem cell research, are particularly convincing. It is believed that this manipulation may open a different field of opportunities. The replacement of damaged body organs through this research is one of them. Scientists suggest that the damage done to body organs through disease can be restor ed with the use of stem cells. This is through the manipulation of these cells to more specialised ones to perform the functions of the dead cells in the body (Panno, 2005). All this occurs during the research of these stem cells, and this should be a compelling reason to continue stem cell research. Aging is another answer that is often provided to the controversy surrounding stem cell research. The cells responsible for the aging in human beings can be altered, which leaves room for the introduction of

Stakeholders in strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stakeholders in strategic management - Essay Example In fact any commercial organization can blueprint a very wide constituency of its stakeholders. It's not a misnomer to call such interests as stakeholders- a connotation which is far superior to that of a lender. In fact the term stakeholders itself indicates that the organization concerned functions with such stakes in mind. Therefore no organization can afford to function ignoring its stakeholders. In fact it consciously builds within its policies, obectives and reporting systems accountability to such stakeholders and often takes up structured reporting to communicate the extent to which such interests are protected. On the obverse side of the coin, strategic management is scientific practice of ensuring that any organization not only functions remaining on course to achievement of its vision and long term objectives but also that such objectives and visions can be broadened, widened and deepened according to changing environmental realities. While stakeholders are also scattered in its environment generally most organizations view the essence of strategy formulation as coping with competition (Porter, 1979) and they formulate a strategic structure accordingly (Chandler, 1962). This is rather a narrow view of strategy making which only reckons with competition. In fact both management strategies and business strategies should coalesce to form one unique strategy that addresses and monitors the interests of all stakeholders as the organization competes and grows. Strategic Construct Any strategic action plan has to be supported on the constructional skeleton of strategies, tactics and structure. Several strategic constructs have been put forward; however very few are exhaustive enough to ensure a complete environmental scan so as to consciously build stakeholders' concerns. Stephen Haines' Centre for Strategic Management has built a new strategic planning system based on systems thinking and calls it the 21st Century Yearly Strategic Management System and Cycle. This system moves beyond planning into implementation. It includes a Plan-to Plan phase and a Plan-to-Implement phase. The steps include team building and leadership skill building as part of the planning. It also includes a parallel process whereby all key stakeholders are involved based on the premise that 'People support what they help create'. This process starts with a Futuristic Environmental Scan and defines the ideal vision in terms of mission, values and end outcomes that the organization wishe s to set for itself. Only after the statement of such Ideal Future a Current State assessment based on SWOT(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) is taken up to identify the gaps and make strategies to close the gap(s).As a result of their clients adopting this model it was found that clients began developing competitive edge and the organization was much clearer on what their competitive "positioning" in market place was and found themselves moving positively in that direction, to the delight of their customers(Haines,2004).Thus this process leans directly into the process of competitive strategy making as it includes

The ethics of abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The ethics of abortion - Essay Example It can also refer to motivation based on the ideas of right and wrong. Therefore, for the purpose of this essay, this paper will discuss circumstances that abortion should be allowed so that it is in line with the moral values of the society.  It can also refer to motivation based on the ideas of right and wrong. Therefore, for the purpose of this essay, this paper will discuss circumstances that abortion should be allowed so that it is in line with the moral values of the society.   For some time the topic of abortion has acquired admirers and haters in equal measures. There are proponents who are of the school of thought that abortion should be permitted and excused in certain instances. On the other hand critics fail to agree with this school of thought and in turn, advance the idea that abortion is termination of innocent life which should be equated to murder. It is justifiable to commit murder in the rare circumstance of self-defense.   This includes times of war or in th e case of a criminal intruder. A practical example in our case would entail those time when the life of the mother is in danger. In this case, she will be forced to abort in order to save her life and avoid risking both her life and that of the child. Better lose one and save another life than losing all of them. Other instances where abortion can be permitted is when the mother has been raped and is tortured psychologically. When such a pregnancy is allowed to term then it risks both the lives of the baby and the mother.

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example The use of the stem cell research on humans started in the 1960’s and one of the first and foremost achievements in this respect was when a patient who had severe combined immune deficiency disorder was successfully treated in 1968. Thereupon, in the early years of the 1970’s adult stem cells were used to treat immunodeficiencies and leukemias. The stem cell research has been supported by many who have observed the scope and the need for such a research. The cures for diseases which can be found by way of such a research have created for it a dramatic increase in support from many. However, there are arguments contrary to these by people who effectively disagree with the said phenomena ab initio. In respect of embryonic stem cell research it is argued by many to be an unethical procedure whereby lives of people are taken in the process. The important question in this respect is the ascertain ability of when actual stages of life begin. A blastocyst is where a cluster ce lls which are known as the inner cell mass is where the embryo is arises. The problem in respect of stem cell research, in particular the embryonic stem cell research was one of the most important political issue of the first tenure of President George W. Bush of the United States of America. The first and foremost action that was undertaken by the aforementioned President was on 09th August 2001 whereby he imposed a ban whereby no federal spending would be done for the reason to obtain new embryonic stem cells from fertilized embryos. ... The stem cell research has been supported by many who have observed the scope and the need for such a research. The cures for diseases which can be found by way of such a research have created for it a dramatic increase in support from many. However, there are arguments contrary to these by people who effectively disagree with the said phenomena ab initio. In respect of embryonic stem cell research it is argued by many to be an unethical procedure whereby lives of people are taken in the process. The important question in this respect is the ascertain ability of when actual stages of life begin. A blastocyst is where a cluster cells which are known as the inner cell mass is where the embryo is arises. The problem in respect of stem cell research, in particular the embryonic stem cell research was one of the most important political issue of the first tenure of President George W. Bush of the United States of America. The first and foremost action that was undertaken by the aforementi oned President was on 09th August 2001 whereby he imposed a ban whereby no federal spending would be done for the reason to obtain new embryonic stem cells from fertilized embryos. The argument put forward by the President was that the said research was destroying human life and therefore such incidents should be curtailed. Furthermore, during the period of the 109th Congress there was a bill passed by both houses which was signed by the President which banned the creation of fetuses by people for the sole reason that they would eventually be destroyed and the body parts would be harvested upon. There were bills passed by the 109th and 110th Congress so as to overturn the band, however, the same were vetoed by the President. Contrary to the said

Macro Economics - Research a country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro Economics - Research a country - Essay Example The other neighbors of India that lie in the Indian Ocean are Sri Lanka, Maldives, Thailand and Indonesia. Discussion The Indian economy is the eleventh largest economy in the world in terms of nominal worth. The nominal worth of India has been estimated to be $1.75 trillion. The economy is also designated as the third ranked economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. The country has witnessed an average GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the last twenty years with the average growth rate of the economy reaching to 6.1% in 2011-12. The backbone of the Indian economy is the agricultural sector supported by the huge labor force available in India. The size of the labor force in India is 486.6 million which is the second largest in the world. The economic reforms adopted by the country have seen the growth of the services sector in a rapid manner over the last twenty years. The agriculture sector now constitutes 18.1% of the GDP of India, the services sector constitutes 55.6% a nd the industrial sector comprises 26.3% of the GDP of the country. However, the country has GDP per capita of USD$448.91 which ranks 140th in the world. The political system in India has seen the emergence of coalition government formed over the last two decades with no single party being able to attain majority in forming the central government. There is diverse opinion between different states. However, in the best interest of the nation, the central government and states work hand in hand to implement the policies for economic growth. The economic reforms adopted by India to attain economic liberalization have seen growing investments in the education and heath sector (Mankiw, 2011). The infrastructure of the rural health and education has developed due to the strategic policies of the government thereby improving overall standard of living for the population. The share of India in world trade was 1.68% as on 2008. India has emerged as the nineteenth largest exporter and the ten th largest importer in the world as on 2011. The main industries that import goods in India are the crude oil, chemicals, fertilizers, gems and machineries. The major industries that export goods from India are leather, textile, jewellery, petroleum, engineering goods, etc. The average exports of India stand at USD$3703 and the average imports is USD$5463 as on 2013 (Trading Economics, 2013). The process of globalization has led to the inflow of huge volumes of foreign direct investments in the country. India has been able to develop progressive technologies that have laid the path of sustainable economic progress of the country. By attracting foreign investments, India has been able to catalyze the growth of industries and services that impacted the economic trends in a positive manner. The telecommunication industry is the fastest growing industry in India while the automobile industry is the second fastest growing industry in the world. This has led to the rise in the income leve l of the population that stimulated the economic demands followed by the growth of production volume and GDP growth in India. India has been in a relatively advantageous position in the world economy after the global financial crisis and meltdown (Allen, 1999). India’s share of overseas investments in US was limited due to which the country was far more insulated from the adverse impacts of the crisis. India has moved from strength to strength with central bank in India

Improvements to My Writing through ESL Courses Essay

Improvements to My Writing through ESL Courses - Essay Example Before I began the courses, I had difficulty expressing myself in English, and as a result some of my essays and other written work did not entirely make sense sometimes. However, through learning different key points in ESL 263 and other courses, I feel like I have now reached a point where I understand several ways to make my writing clear and forceful. The main techniques I have learned to use are to make the grammar clear and correct; to write titles and introductions which grab the reader’s attention; and to make sure the paragraphs are well-organized on the page. One of the ways I make my writing strong is by paying attention to grammatical rules, like subject-verb agreement and tense. In the past I would sometimes not check to make sure that the sentence made sense in this way, and that would sometimes confuse my readers because my sentence might seem to say something other than what I had wanted it to. I also try to always use a verb tense which makes the most sense in the context of the writing, so that I might use the simple past in an essay when something happened to me as a child, or the simple future when I am letting a reader know what I will talk about later on in an essay. In fact, this very essay shows how I have correctly used the simple past to describe my experiences with essay writing before taking ESL courses.

Dippin Dots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dippin Dots - Research Paper Example In 1991, they established their dealer network. 1994 marked the year of their first international account, which was in Japan. In 1995, they opened a new production facility that was 32,000 feet in Paducah. The facility expanded by 20,000 feet in 1997 and the company earned a spot on Inc. Magazine's 500 list of fastest growing companies. In 2000, the first franchise opened and the company went to court against imitators. In 2001, Dippin' Dots came in third behind Baskin Robbins and Dairy Queen as far as number of franchises. In 2002, Dippin' Dots was ranked 112th on the Franchise 500 list, 69th on the list of Fastest Growing franchise companies, and number one on the New Franchise Company lists of Entrepreneur's Magazine. Dippin' Dots also becomes available at San Francisco Bay area McDonald's restaurants during the same year. The awards and high rankings continue through 2005. In 2006, the company was restructured and Tom Leonard became president of the company. According to Improvement Network (2008), "A PESTEL Analysis can be particularly useful for groups who have become too inward-looking. They may be in danger of forgetting the power and effect of external pressures for change because they are focused on internal pressures. You can use this technique for a large or a small group activity. PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative. It is a strategic planning technique that provides a useful framework for analyzing the environmental pressures on a team or an organization." Political There are political concerns that companies like Dippin' Dots need to take into consideration when operating their companies. Two of the most important are regulators and politicians (Improvement Network, 2008). Economic There are also economic considerations for Dippin' Dots. These include world trends, trends in the countries and states in which the company operates, and industry trends (Improvement Network, 2008). Social There are social considerations Dippin' Dots must pay attention to. These include cultural change, the expectations of consumers, changing demographics, and changes in the structures and habits of families (Improvement Network, 2008). Technology Technological considerations for the company are pretty self-explanatory. The ice cream treat is based on technology that was before its time, so it must maintain that expertise and quality. The company also needs to look for new innovations in order to keep growing. Environmental There are also a number of environmental implications for the company to consider. These include cost implications, public opinion, and sites and locations (Improvement Network, 2008). Legal Legal considerations for the company vary according to the state, territory, or country the company is operating in. They must follow United States legislation and directives, for instance (Improvement Network, 2008). SWOT Analysis Strengths The company's biggest strength is that it has a completely unique product that its founder created on his own. The product is also very popular among consumers. Weaknesses The company's biggest weakness is that its product has to be stored at extremely cold temperatures. This makes it difficult to transport. It also makes it impossible to carry in supermarkets or sell for take-home consumption. Opportunities There is not a lot of room in

Sugar in the 19th Hundreds, Problems Essay Example for Free

Sugar in the 19th Hundreds, Problems Essay What is the reason for the abandonment of sugar plantations in the British West Indies in the 19th century? I am going to analyze and asses the reasons why sugar plantations were being abandoned by plantation owners in the 19th century? The main causes and the main effects. The abandonment of the Sugar plantations in the Caribbean leads to major changes and had a great effect on West Indian countries. So what caused sugar, a once thriving industry, to be abandoned? And what was the impact it had? ata collected will assessed and analyzed to understand these effects, the causes and how they pertain to life in this century. Chapter 1 Introduction. Sugar cane was the main cash crop grown on numerous British, French and Spanish owned islands. Sugar was in high demand and was very profitable. But this industry needed labor and lots of it thus slavery was the cheapest and best source of labor they had. Plantation owners would buy slaves brought from Africa to work on their plantations. Plantation life in the 19th century was very hard, grueling labor, severe punishment and extensive exhaustion. Slaves worked for long periods of time in fields harvesting sugar, in factories producing sugar and the main house as workers (maids, butlers, and cooks ). The abandonment of sugar production was imminent to failure because of the ill treatment and over working. The United States was also a major factor in sugar abandonment, along with the feuded between British and the Spanish which lead to more problems. In my S. B. A I will asses these problems and the effects they had on both the economy and on the society. Chapter 2 Reasons for abandonment The abandonment of sugar plantations in the 19th century was caused by not only one factor but, it was caused by a collection of factors or a chain of events happening one after the other. Reasons for the abandoning of the sugar plantations started with the Emancipation of slaves, then from that event, multiple amounts of other events caused the sugar estates to close. Emancipation was the greatest cause of Sugar estates being abandoned. The Emancipation Act was passed in 1830 in May and an ex and it stated that â€Å"All men were equal and slavery was to be abolished. This in turn means that former slaves were free. These free† men now had rights. So plantation owner had to pay slaves, this was a great change from the former system they had. Work time for slaves had to be cut; there were no long excessive amount of work hours, now it had to be a limited amount of time. Slaves could not be abused anymore and they could have refused to do the work. These factors caused a great stress on the plantation owners. They were losing more of their profit to pay wages, less hours of work were being done, and less sugar was being produced, in turn less profit. After Emancipation plantation owners taught that sugar production would have decreased, it did, for some countries. Smaller Islands production went up such as Barbados and Puerto Rico. These places, relatively all the land was used for estate purposes, so freed slaves had no other choice but to go back and work on the plantations. But in larger countries such as Jamaica where slaves hated plantation life and there was land untainted by settlement sugar production took a massive lost in profit. Everything changed by the end of the 19th Century. Slavery had been abolished, and Europes beet sugar had preempted Caribbean cane. Depressed market prices could not offset the production and transportation costs for an island crop, and sugar plantations soon were abandoned. Abolition of slavery was difficult for the colonies, which had to adjust to having a majority of new citizens who could not be denied the civil rights already grudgingly extended to the few. Extending those civil rights, then as now, was neither easily nor gracefully achieved because the political systems had existed for centuries as the narrow instruments of the small, white, landed elite, largely absentee, whose members were threatened by the removal of their special trade preferences. Above all, there were economic difficulties. Sugar prices were falling, and West Indian producers were facing severe competition not only from other producers in the British Empiresuch as India, South Africa, and Australiaand non-imperial cane sugar producerssuch as Cuba and Brazilbut also from beet sugar producers in Europe and the United States. Falling prices coincided with rising labor costs, complicated by the urgent need to regard the ex-slaves as wage laborers able and willing to bargain for their pay. Acts passed by the government. Acts passed by the Government in the 19th century contributed to the abandoning of plantations greatly. They were one of the most influential factors. If it was not for these Acts, in my option the sugar industry would have survived. Such as The Sugar Equalization Act,1846 this law was passed because persons wanted cheap raw materials but the price of these items was very high. Politicians of the Manchester school convinced the British that duties were keeping the price at a high rate. Thus duties were removed from corn and sugar. Some farmer’sprophesied this was the end for sugar and along with â€Å"The Encumbered Estates Act, 1854 the sugar industry looked grim. The Encumbered Estates Act stated that the government could seize plantations that were abandoned and could be sold with their debt and the new owner had to pay off this debt. The act was very short sighted and gave away to long term effects that prove to be disastrous Labor problems. To mitigate labor difficulties, the local assemblies were encouraged to import nominally free laborers from India, China, and Africa under contracts of indenture. Apart from the condition that they had a legally defined term of service and were guaranteed a set wage, these Asian indentured laborers were treated like the African slaves they partially replaced in the fields and factories. Between 1838 and 1917, nearly half a million East Indians (from British India) came to work on the British West Indian sugar plantations, the majority going to the new sugar producers with fertile lands. Trinidad imported 145,000; Jamaica, 21,500; Grenada, 2,570; St. Vincent, 1,820; and St.  Lucia, 1,550. Between 1853 and 1879, British Guiana imported more than 14,000 Chinese workers, with a few going to some of the other colonies. Between 1841 and 1867, about 32,000 indentured Africans arrived in the British West Indies, with the greater number going to Jamaica and British Guiana. With important British politicians such as Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (1809-98) owning sugar estates in British Guiana, that colony, directly administered by the crown, assumed great importance in the Caribbean. Chapter 3 Effects of Sugar abandonment in the Caribbean. Indentured labor did not resolve the problems of the plantations and the local governments in the Caribbean during the nineteenth century, but it enabled the sugar plantations to weather the difficulties of the transition from slave labor. The new immigrants further pluralized the culture, the economy, and the societies. The East Indians introduced rice and boosted the local production of cacao (the bean from which cocoa is derived) and ground provisions (tubers, fruits, and vegetables). Although some East Indians eventually converted to Christianity and intermarried with other ethnic groups, the majority remained faithful to their original Hindu and Muslim beliefs, adding temples and mosques to the religious architecture of the territories. The Chinese moved into local commerce, and, by the beginning of the twentieth century, the corner Chinese grocery store and the Chinese restaurant had become commonplace in all the colonies. Emancipation of the slaves provided the catalyst for the rise of an energetic, dynamic peasantry throughout the Caribbean. A large proportion of the ex-slaves settled in free villages, often forming cooperatives to buy bankrupt or abandoned sugar estates. Where they lacked the capital, they simply squatted on vacant lands and continued the cultivation of many of the food crops that the planters and the colonial government had exported during the days of slavery. The villages, although largely independent, provided a potential labor pool that could be attracted to the plantations. The growth of these free villages immediately after the emancipation of the slaves was astonishing. In Jamaica, black freeholders increased from 2,014 in 1838 to more than 7,800 in 1840 and more than 50,000 in 1859. In Barbados, where land was scarcer and prices higher, freeholders of less than 2 hectares each increased from 1,110 in 1844 to 3,537 in 1859. In St.  Vincent, about 8,209 persons built their own homes and bought and brought under cultivation over 5,000 hectares between 1838 and 1857. In Antigua, 67 free villages with 5,187 houses and 15,644 inhabitants were established between 1833 and 1858. The free villages produced new crops such as coconuts, rice, bananas, arrowroot, honey, and beeswax, as well as the familiar plantation crops of sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, cacao, citrus limes, and ground provisions. Which lead to the integration of a wide variety of agricultural products?

Relationship Between China and Costa Rica

Relationship Between China and Costa Rica Foreign policy in Costa Rica: The international community was shocked in 2007 when Costa Rica, recognized as the Switzerland of Central America for its promotion of democracy and pacifism,[1] decided to establish relations a country of opposite values such as human rights suppression and communism, China. In responses, Taiwan cut its ties with Costa Rica. With its unarmed identity, Costa Rica has always looking to broaden international alliances. This time, however, there were many critics both domestically and internationally. President Arias (2006-2010) responded to the public critics, questing if democracies like the United States found no contradiction in establishing relations with China, then why should Costa Rica?[2] After all, Costa Rica’s move towards engaging China was not unpredictable. Only three months into his first term (1986-1990) in presidency, Arias made a bold decision to move the Costa Rican embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv. According to Arias, the embassy’s location in Jerusalem kept Costa Rica isolated from the Arab world, and it was time to correct a historical mistake. Plus, he believed that having the Costa Rican embassy in Jerusalem limited Costa Rica’s relations with the Arab world.[3] The switch of diplomatic relations with Taiwan On June 6, 2007, [4]president Arias has announced the decision of the government to switch its relations from Taiwan to China after 67 years of stable foreign relations. In the 2007 agreement, China is going to give Costa Rica an additional $130 million in direct economic aid, as well as a two-stage bond purchase. [5] In this agreement, Costa Rica not only has the recognition of China, but also the support from China to knock on the door of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Security Council of the United Nations. Arias, the former Nobel Prize winner,[6] claimed that the decision was neither for the short-term economic benefits nor the changes of ideology, but rather a rational foreign policy decision of realism. President Arias also stated that the recognition of new relations with china coincided with the principle and purpose in the UN Charter.[7] Costa Rica has been able to earn a good reputation and image that has allowed it to use its advantages in the international community by providing effective suggestions ranging from its contribution to disarmament to its role as an environmental sanctuary. Since taking office, President Arias has led the country to taking a more active role in the international arena. As a country without an army, Costa Rica has a higher value of security of the international level. The Costa Rican government believes that ties with China will not only boost the economic development domestically, but more specifically provide a powerful force to eliminate underdevelopment in some rural areas. On an international scale, Costa Rican government has envisioned the deeper integration in the world economywith the mutual communication with Beijing. For example, President Arias wants to get the Chinese support for Costa Rica’s bid for a seat on the UN Security Council.[8] By 2009, China stood second in terms of trade volume with the Costa Rica, and it stood rank 30 in 2000. (see Table 1.) While Costa Rica now admittedly views China as more beneficial than Taiwan, Costa Rica’s bilateral trade with the East Asian giant began a decade before establishment of formal relations. The exports from Costa Rica to China heavily dominated by computer parts, electronic chips, which allowed the country to achieve a small trade surplus in its relationship with the emerging super power in Asia. This was the only the beginning of the China’s economic benefits for Costa Rica, and the profits stood in stark contrast to what Taiwan could provide. China is recognized as a potential global power, and will be the second super power in the United Nations.That is why Costa Rica also values the embassy in Beijing after the one in Washington. With regards to Taiwan, the country is now concerned that the Costa Rican move will cause a chain reaction in the future of its region. Table 1. Costa Rican Relations with Taiwan Arias had said, â€Å"I was always critical of the Taiwanese, and I can say now that I always told them: If you want to have friends in the world, you should be more generous.†[9] In the late 1960s, Taiwan had relations with almost 70 countries. But China joined the United Nations after Taiwan was expelled from it,[10]and the country lost many allies. As of 2014, Central America and the Caribbean region host 12 of the 22 countries globally which retain ties with Taiwan.[11]Therefore, the loss of a Central American partner was a particularly painful blow for Taiwans foreign relations development, and led to the immediate resignation of the Foreign Minister, James Huang. The Taiwanese government has routinely contributeddevelopment aid routinely to create the strong association withCosta Rica over 67 years.[12]Nevertheless, the Costa Rican government began publicly cooling its relations with Taiwan in May of 2007 when the country abstained on Taiwan’s accession in the World Health Organization (WHO). The Costa Rican government’s attempt at rethinking its relations with Taiwan began to receive criticism from the media as a betrayal of democratic pri nciples. One of the reasons for the longevity of Costa Rica and Taiwan’s relationship was the development assistance the small Asian country provided. The country received $341 million in assistance from Taiwan from2000 to 2005,[13]which wasenough to make it Costa Rica’s second largest source of bilateral cooperation. The majority of resources from Taiwan came in the type of loans, and was allocated intopublic infrastructure. For example, it was Taiwan’s assistance that rebuilt an entire wing of public hospitals in San Josà ©, which was destroyed in an arson fire in 2004.[14]In addition, Taiwan built a long bridge in order to assist the transportation development from rural to urban areas. However, even with Taiwan’s prosperous economy, it still cannot compete with the huge investments of China. This explains President Arias’s claims about Taiwan losing the game of â€Å"dollar diplomacy†; Taiwan’s funds could not compete with those of China. Chinese-Costa Rican relations On March 2011, there was a celebration of the new state stadium in San Josà ©. It was constructed on the previous smaller stadium; the new 35,000-person stadium represents the result of national development. The shape of its roof resembles the appearance of coffee bean, the commodity of which Costa Rica is proudest, demonstrated in modern iconic style. In order to reminisce the â€Å"Bird’s nest† Olympic stadium in Beijing, the nick name of the stadium is â€Å"Nido Tico† or â€Å"Costa Rican’s nest.†[15]The stadium was a symbol of recognition of new relations with China in 2007. In addition, the $100 million stadium, China bought $300 million in Costa Rica bonds, assisted renewal of a Caribbean-bound highway, and facilitated the construction of a major oil refinery. Furthermore, Costa Rica ratified a new free trade agreement with China allowing over 90% of its goods tariff-free entry into the Chinese market in 2011. Chinese diplomats were very eager to proceed with the negotiation. This was a long awaited opportunity for China, as it turns Costa Rica into a regional case that shows other Central American countries in similar positions the benefits they can get from forming relations with China. The evidence showed that the bilateral trade with China, which has provided more broad economic chance with Costa Rica, has been in effect since 2000. In 2008, they began the China-Costa Rica free trade negotiations during the visit of Chinese President Hu Jintao Costa Rica.[16]The China-Costa Rica FTA features a high degree of the open market. Over 90 percent of goods trade between China and Costa Rica will enjoy zero tariff on a stage-by-stage basis.[17]From that point, China was considered as an important trade partner. The trade links, however, had grown rapidly in the past years even without the official diplomatic relations. The cooperation and exchange of agricultural technology is promising for China is agricultural development within its huge territory. For Costa Rica, it has the advantage of biodiversity and flourishing plants bred through the weather. Therefore, the research institutions of Costa Rica and China have an agreementto promote cooperation in agricultural science in 2013.[18] Under the mutual agreement, both sides will facilitate the exchange programs forresearchers, increase the scholarships for agriculture students, and enhancefrequency of information exchange on agricultural science and technology. Also, the institutions in both countries will also cooperate to work on research on animals, plant genetics,environmental preservation,pest and disease control,agricultural economy and rural development. This is an ideal opportunity for Costa Rica to maximize agricultural and environmental advantages through the financial support from China. Costa Rican has also learned a lesson from China after the stadium has finished. Local media reports admired the incredible high-tech stadium, which was finished 3 months ahead before the schedule. The efficiency and industriousness of the Chinese workers has surprised the Costa Ricans. Due to the different geographical areas, Costa Rican was not familiar with Chinese culture. By this chance, they saw how China rises to power with its proactive and diligent attitude, but also they felt how the authoritarianism of China affects the policy. For example: there were only Chinese laborers could enter the construction areas. Conclusion Costa Rica has been benefited by both Taiwan and China. Taiwan has offered considerable resources for the development of Costa Rica, and helped them to step on their foothold on the ladder of development for over the past six decades. As one of the few nation states lacking an army, it has carefully protected itself by relying on the support from international community, and also they take advantage of the soft power with its dynamic diplomatic relations. There are also the new perspective of China which were transmitted by the positive work ethic and efficiency of Chinese laborers who constructed the new stadium. It offered a distinctive picture to modify the previous negative perceptions of China in Costa Rica. In the future, there will be probably more potential international market development besides coffee and electronics (see Table 2.) for Costa Rica though it is not clear those sectors in Costa Rica might have better chance favored by the huge Chinese market, but it hopes to attack foreign direct investment in the region. Table 2. Bibliography Associated press, â€Å"Costa Rica breaks Relations with Taiwan.† NBC NEWS.  http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19080068/ns/world_news-americas/t/costa-rica-breaks-relations-taiwan/#.U0rXVFtSZHY (accessed April 13, 2014). Batson, Andrew. â€Å"China Used Reserves To Sway Costa Rica.† The Wall Street Journal.  http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122121919505927749 (accessed April 14, 2014). China FTA Network.  Ã‚  http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/encosta/encostanews/201108/7440_1.html (accessed April 14, 2014). â€Å"Costa Rican and Chinese Research Institutions Enhance Cooperation.† China Chemical  Reporter 24, no. 3/4 (February 7, 2013): 19. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). France-Presse, Agence. â€Å"Costa Rica: Trade Agreement With China Advances.† New York  Times, June 16, 2009. 5, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). DeHart, Monica. â€Å"Remodelling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and  South–South cooperation in Latin America.† Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (August 2012): 1359-1375. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). Feigenblatt von, Otto F. â€Å"Costa Rica and the Two Chinas: A Constructivist Foreign Policy  Analysis.† Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 2009): 400-434. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Republic of China (Taiwan).  http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/AlliesIndex/?opno=777f1778-f578-4148-b22a-b62f81be5f57 (accessed April 13,2014). Nordlinger, Jay. â€Å"Taiwans Two Dozen.† National Review 59, no. 14 (August 13, 2007):  26-27. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). Stahl, Julie. â€Å"Costa Rica Moving Embassy From Jerusalem to Tel Aviv.† CNS News.  http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ouch-costa-rica-moving-embassy-jerusalem-tel-aviv (accessed April 14,2014). Trinicenter.com Reporters .† Costa Rica Re-establish Relations with China.†Ã‚  http://www.trinicenter.com/articles/2007/070607.html (accessed April 14. 2014). Winkler, Sigrid. â€Å"Taiwans UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be Brookings.†Ã‚  http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler (accessed April 13,2014). [1] Associated press, Costa Rica breaks Relations with Taiwan NBC NEWS, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19080068/ns/world_news-americas/t/costa-rica-breaks-relations-taiwan/#.U0rXVFtSZHY (accessed April 13, 2014). [2] NORDLINGER, JAY, Taiwans Two Dozen, National Review 59, no. 14 (August 13, 2007): 26-27. [3] Stahl, J Costa Rica Moving Embassy From Jerusalem to Tel Aviv CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ouch-costa-rica-moving-embassy-jerusalem-tel-aviv (accessed April 14,2014). [4] Trinicenter.com Reporters Costa Rica Re-establish Relations with China,† http://www.trinicenter.com/articles/2007/070607.html (accessed April 14. 2014). [5] Andre W Batson, China Used Reserves To Sway Costa Rica, The Wall Street Jurnal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122121919505927749 (accessed April 14, 2014). [6] Otto F von Feigenblatt, Costa Rica and the Two Chinas: A Constructivist Foreign Policy Analysis, Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 2009):407-409. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [7] Otto F von Feigenblatt, Costa Rica and the Two Chinas: A Constructivist Foreign Policy Analysis, Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 2009):403-405. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [8] [9] NORDLINGER, JAY, Taiwans Two Dozen.National Review59, no. 14 (August 13, 2007): 26-27,Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed April 15, 2014). [10] Sigrid Winkler, Taiwans UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be? Brookings,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler (accessed April 13,2014). [11] Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Republic of China (Taiwan), http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/AlliesIndex/?opno=777f1778-f578-4148-b22a-b62f81be5f57 (accessed April 13,2014). [12] Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Republic of China (Taiwan). http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/AlliesIndex/?opno=777f1778-f578-4148-b22a-b62f81be5f57 (accessed April 13,2014). [13] [14] Monica DeHart, Remodelling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and South–South cooperation in Latin America, Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (August 2012):1361-1363. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [15] DeHart, Monica. Remodelling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and South–South cooperation in Latin America. Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (August 2012):1368-1370. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014). [16] China FTA Network, http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/encosta/encostanews/201108/7440_1.html (accessed April 14, 2014). [17] France-Presse, Agence. Costa Rica: Trade Agreement With China Advances.New York Times, June 16, 2009., 5,Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed April 15, 2014). [18] Costa Rican and Chinese Research Institutions Enhance Cooperation, China Chemical Reporter 24, no. 3/4 (February 7, 2013): 19. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 15, 2014).

Carl Linneaus’s Classes or Letters :: Essays Papers

Carl Linneaus’s Classes or Letters Smellie’s arguments against Linnaeus did not stop here. He further disagreed with Linnaeus’ taxonomy arguing that it had the negative effect of turning scientists into obsessive system-makers which â€Å"has brought much obloquy on the science of nature† (Thoemmes). While he did not believe that naturalists should ignore all systems he urged them to look for natural scientific explanations as opposed to creating broad classifications. William Smellie was also greatly influenced by Georges-Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon, mostly because of his admiration for the fellow scientist. However, although Smellie admired Buffon he also disagreed with him on many points. Through his articles in the Encyclopedia Britannica Smellie was able to disseminate many of Buffon’s ideas including his theory on generation†¦even though this theory was considered very controversial and atheistic. Smellie presented Buffon’s theory of generation- that living beings were made up of an organic matter that was molded by some inner force- with skepticism claiming that humans were still completely ignorant to the actual mechanisms of generation, however he was still able to spread Buffon’s ideas across a vast audience (Thoemmes). Perhaps the greatest influence Buffon had on William Smellie was his routine of describing actual practices and activities of animals. It is a scheme which Smellie used whole-heartedly in The Philosophy of Natural History in which he lays out an observable scenario and draws conclusions from it. In reading Smellie’s work you get the feel of crouching with him on the forest floor observing the insect varieties or lying face up in the grass watching pigeons in the tree carry out their courtship rituals As mentioned, William Smellie was both influenced by the atmosphere of science and medicine during the Scottish Enlightenment, and made his own impact. During this time, Edinburgh, the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment ruled the Western intellect. â€Å"As for Edinburgh, it was intoxicated with its own brilliance. ‘In the history of every polished nation,’ a correspondent wrote to The Scots Magazine in July 1763, ‘there is always one period at least to be found, which is crouded with men of genius in every art and science†¦I have great reason to congratulate the present generation of my countrymen for enjoying the same blessing’† (Buchan, 3). Science and medicine during this time played many roles ranging from implementing changes in college curriculum, to creating interest among public sectors, and inspiring interest in the ‘science of man’ (Broadie, 95).

RURAL PARADISE OR A CONCRETE JUNGLE? :: essays papers

RURAL PARADISE OR A CONCRETE JUNGLE? Over the course of the semester we have watched numerous movies (Heartland Reggae, The Harder They Come, Countryman, Dancehall Queen, Third World Cop, Rockers, and Land of Look Behind) that depict Rastafarians living in both the country and the city. Not knowing much about either Jamaican setting, I decided to take a closer look at both the urban and rural areas in which Rastafarians live and practice their beliefs. I wanted to see if the different settings had much influence on Rastafarians. Is this a personal choice they have or are they forced out of rural paradise and into the concrete jungle of Babylon? According to the Webster’s Third New International Dictionary the definition for urban is 1)a: of, relating to, characteristic of, or taking place in a city, b: constituting or including and centered on a city, c: of, relating to, or concerned with an urban and specifically a densely populated area. The definition for rural is: 1) living in country areas: engaged in agricultural pursuits, 2): characterized by simplicity: lacking sophistication: uncomplicated, 3): of, relating to, or characteristic of people who live in the country, 4): of, relating to, associated with, or typical of the country, 5): of, relating to, or constituting a tenement in land adapted and used for agricultural or pastoral purpose-opposed to urban. Many rural and urban areas exist in the United States. Depending on where you live definitely affects who you are, how you think, dress, eat etc. Is this true for the Rastafarians? GENERAL JAMAICA INFORMATION Located in the West Indian Islands, Jamaica represents the third largest island. Jamaica is 150 miles long and 52 miles wide. The subtropical climate does not produce the extremes related to climate found in the United States. The island of Jamaica is described as being very beautiful with its rivers, harbors, and many mountains. The population of Jamaica has not quite reached three million with the majority of people living in the city of Kingston, the capital of Jamaica (Barrett 3). The difference in wage earnings among Jamaican people is alarming. Those who have a profession make around thirty times as much as those who do not. Nearly half of all Jamaicans make less than twenty-five dollars per week (Barrett 12). There has been a tradition of migration from Jamaican rural areas since the nineteenth century.

Enrolment System of Psu – Lingayen

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study Computers are almost indispensable to most industries especially if it deals with voluminous records. Hence, in most academic institutions, the use of computers is an immense help in managing records and files. With the volume of files such as those from students’ records, finances, inventories, and others needed for its operation , the use of computer has made tasks simpler, faster and more efficient. Although most schools here in the Philippines have their computers, its functions are not fully maximized. Many still rely on the manual system of storing and retrieving files, thus in turn, make work laborious, time consuming, less efficient and requiring more manpower. The Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus currently uses the manual system of enrollment. For years, this system has been employed and has indeed been a tedious process on the part of the students as well as the staff in charged of enrollment. This entails the long process of filling up forms in three copies (student copy, accounts copy and registrar’s copy), class scheduling, assessment of fees, and issuance of student records. The continued adoption of this usual manual enrollment system has caused numerous errors, unnecessary delays, and has ultimately made the entire enrollment system a slow process to contend considering the influx of students each year. The design, development and implementation of EnrollmentAutomate: Pangasinan State University Computerized Enrollment System is introduced to address this long-standing slow process of enrollment. 2. Objectives of the Study This project study aims to design, develop and implement EnrollmentAutomate: Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus Computerized Enrollment System. Specifically, the following statements will determine and describe: 1) the processes involved in the present system; 2) the situation regarded as unwelcome and needing to be dealt with and overcome; 3) a computerized solution to improve the current situation, taking into the account the task, purpose or specific activities as claimed by (a) registrar; (b) department heads; (c) campus executive officer. 3. Scopes and Delimitation The EnrollmentAutomate will be used by the Departments heads or the officer – in – charge for registration or assessing students during the enrollment period. It includes the enrolling of students, browsing of offered subjects, viewing the schedule and printing of the registration form where enrollment fees are included. In addition, some features which allows student to scan registration form, students enrolled, offered subject, schedule viewer, printing queue are included. 4. Significance of the Study The EnrollmentAutomate will give the Pangasinan State University-Lingayen Campus a better and well-organized flow of enrollment system. It will also make the work of the personnel in charge easy, fast, reliable cost and time efficient. Personnel. An increase productivity and minimized workload to be able to meet the other needs of the students. Students. An assurance for fast and accurate services provided by the university. 5. Definition of Terms Automate. It refers to the process of using technology to execute a task with less human action. Campus Executive Officer or Department Head. This is the person responsible for the admission of new enrollees, transferees, shifters and second – course enrollees. Enrollment. This refers to an act of recording the person’s information to the official record of Pangasinan State University. EnrollmentAutomate. It refers to the proposed computerized enrollment system for Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus. Information. This refers to the collection of related data. Technology. It refers to the tools, machines, and instrument that can help people execute their task efficiently and effectively. CHAPTER II REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE A. Related literature Nowadays the computer is one of the most efficient IT machines being used in every schools, offices, factories, and even households that society need to make work easier and faster. In a manual system, records are filed with the aid of folders and envelopes and are stored in cabinets; whereas computer-base system deals with databases and database technology. Database is helpful in providing resources and ideas as an accurate basis of information regarding a problem. In school, it plays a vital role in student registration, class scheduling, and assessment of fees. Student registration is the first laborious task in the enrollment system. Using database will lessen the time of work for students and hasten the work of personnel-in-charge. Class Scheduling is a difficult task for the personnel, however, with the use of database time consumed to organize scheduling is minimized. Important functions of the database system include the ability to locate and access any item in the database, to sort the data records into a desired order, and to link database files. The database approach is designed to overcome many of the disadvantages of file processing system. Databases are designed from an organization-wide viewpoint to minimize data redundancy. Databases are managed by a commercial system called the Database Management System (DBMS) MySQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard data definition and manipulation language for relational databases. A popular command driven interface that allows users to access data from a database by using designated keywords and attribute names. B. Related Studies There are number of previous studies which are related to the study being conducted and one of them was designed for Pangasinan National High School (PNHS) an automated Student Enrollment System developed by July P. Dela Cruz et. al which provides efficient and maintainable system for enrollment. The PSU-Open University System’s Registration and Assessment System (PSU-OUS RAS), which was designed in Visual Basic 6. 0, was used to retrieve and update the information and reports regarding registration and assessment. The system was developed by Johnabel Calixtro et. al on March 2006. The San Fabian National High School Information System developed by Jennilyn C. de Luna et. al on March 2006 and was designed using Visual Basic Programming Language. The system aimed to help the school clerk in storing student and personnel records to lessen the difficulties in searching, viewing, processing of records and regenerating reports. The Polong National High School and Faculty Information System by Canave, Deo et. al was designed to automate and eliminate the manual way of filing records as well as preparing and generating accurate reports and information of the faculty of the said school in the fastest possible way. C. Theoretical Framework Implementation of computerized enrollment system will speed up the enrollment process. To provide quick access from needed data, and to process efficiently once located, databases have been derived for computer use. Database is a collection of data or information in a form that may be accessed by a computer in several ways. It may be loaded into a mainframe computer for network access within an individual or an organization, such as system in admission, enrollment, grading and cashier. Designing a database considers several important phase to pass through data definition, data refinement, and establishing relationship. The first phase is identifying the important attributes. It also involves detailed examination in order to determine exactly what kind of information will be stored in the database. Next is to refine the initial list to form an accurate description that will be needed in the database. The last phase is to draw a relationship between the fields that can help to determine which fields are important from the not so important. Manipulating a database includes such function as querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the mini world, and generating reports from the data. As stated by Philipp J. Pratt in his book â€Å"Database Management & Design,† A user at a terminal interacts with the environment through the use of logical transactions. A logical transaction, or simply, a transaction, is a user request to accomplish a single task. The application program processes the transaction by interacting with the DBMS on a logical record basis. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY To come up with a better understanding and perception about the problems regarding the creation of the system, the proponent underwent some methods to gather important facts and details about the proposed enrollment system. First, the proponents conducted extensive interviews on the personnel-in-charge with the manual enrollment system. Thus, the proponents found out some problems encountered by the manual system. In addition, they also obtained some suggestions and supplement which may help them in processing enrollment and upgrading the system. The proponents also requested sample of enrollment form. A copy of the manual system that was once used by the administrator was also inquired into in order for them to better understand the processes involved in creating for an automated enrollment system. Lastly, as additional foundation to knowledge and resources, the proponents made some researches in the Internet and interviewed the registrar and students to gain some guidelines in creating the proposed system. The proponents researched about some helpful topics and codes which may help them in designing the system as well. Some related literatures regarding the study were also looked into and adopted some of these in creating the new system. A. Current System The existing processes are shown on figure A. 1. It illustrated the transactions being made by the student during the enrollment. It may note in existing enrollment system that the student must follow several steps to get enrolled. A student must determine the student type whether he/she is an old or new, then proceed filling up registration form. After filling up he/she selects subjects and schedule to enroll. After which, the enrollee go to faculty-in-charge for course check and assessment then proceeds to cashier. Permit Complete Permit Passed all Requirements Student InformationSubject Selected Pay Fees Fig. A. 1 Current System B. Context Data Flow Diagram The objective is to create a data flow model of the proposed system. The context diagram illustrates that it consists of several steps which provide the inputs into a system and receive outputs from the system. After the student must undergo with Admission System the enrollee must proceeds to enrollment process, first must passed all requirements like CET and interview. Then fill up pre enrollment form after that select subject, secondly go to personnel in charge for course check then the personnel-in-charge will encode to computer for assessment and verification. After getting the form proceeds to cashiering system. B. 1 Context Data Flow Diagram Bibliography Books Pratt, Philipp J. , A Guide to SQL (fifth edition). Ground Valley State University Unpublished Thesis Julio M. Cervantes, Implementation of a Computerized Enrollment System, Unpublished Masteral Thesis. Hannam University, Daejon, South Korea,February 2005 Vincent John P. Fernandez, et al, Pangasinan State University OUS Registration & Assessment System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan,March 2006 Jennilyn C. de Luna et al, San Fabian National High School Information System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan,March 2006 Deo Canave et. l, The Polong National High School and Faculty Information System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan. March 2005 ———————– Cleared Permit Student New Student Fill up Registration Form Checked Registration Form Course Check Subject Select Assessment Cashier Student Applicant EnrollmentAutomate Old Student New Student CET passers slip Passed Interview bsb Fill up Pre-enrollment form Clearance Permit Fill up Pre-enrollment form Files Assessment Select subject by Department Select subject by Department Course Check Course Check

Training and Development – Al Ain Distribution Company

BMHR N360 Training and Development Assignment #1 Al Ain Distribution Company Table of Contents Introduction3 Company Profile4 Job Details5 Job Title5 Statement Of Functions5 Job Description and Duties5 Work Performed5 Work Relations & Contacts7 Accountability For Actions & Impacts7 Job specification (qualification)8 Opinion8 How does this job fit with the company? 8 How this job does fits in the UAE needs? 8 Conclusion9 Reference10 Introduction This course is BMHR N360-Training and Development, and our teacher ask us to do an individual assignment that about finding the role of a training and development professional in the UAE. Moreover, I did an interview with Senior Training Officer, Mr. Ahmed Al Dhaheri and we had talking about job details, job title, job description and duties, job qualification and my opinion on how this job fits with the organization and how it fits in the UAE needs. Company Profile Al Ain Distribution Company (AADC) is a public joint stock company registered and incorporated in the United Arab Emirates under Law No 2 of 1998 on 1 January 1999 with Head Office at Al Ain. AADC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority with a fully paid capital of AED Billion 1,530,000,000, linked to http://www. adc. ae/ENGLISH/EN-T1-About. html. Furthermore, they are the only one who is distributing water and electricity for Eastern Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (Al Ain city and its nearby areas). Moreover, by the end of year 2008, the number of AADC employees was more than 1900 and they provide services approximately for one half million people and that includes se rvices to provide water and electricity, ownership, meter reading operation and maintenance of the water and electricity distribution network assets. AADC has achieved: ADAEP (Abu Dhabi AWARD for Excellence in Government Performance) for the best Technical Project. *   OHSAS 18001 certification. * HSE ISO 14001. * ISO 9001: 2000 quality certification in 2004 for its operations. * SKEA 9Shaikh Khalifah Excellence AWARD. Job Details Job Title * Job Title: Senior Training Officer * Section: Manpower and Planning Development * ADWEA Group Company: Al Ain Distribution Company * Department: Human Resource Statement of Functions Co-ordinates and organizes AADC’s staff training and development activities to ensure that staff performance is up to AADC’s prospective standards. Job Description and Duties Work Performed * Reviews training programs of ADWEA Academy at the beginning of each year and dispatches emails to concerned departments to ensure their awareness of relevant programs and training policies. * Ensures staff registration for the appropriate programs related to their respective fields and positions and initiates all administrative procedures to complete registrations. * Raises staff training requests to HR Management for approval and forwards requests to ADWEA Academy accordingly. Oversees training fee payments. Attends to managerial requests for external trainings designed to provide specific and on-job training and arranges them if approved by management. * Follows up on the approved training plans as well as reviews the attendance sheet employees and updates the Human Resources Management System (HRMS) accordingly. Investigates staff absence and oversees their participation rate to ensure that all employees have attended enough training pro grams per year as per AADC policies. Oversees the replacement of absent employees if possible. Prepares reports of statistics of attended programs and number of employees that have participated for management’s reference. * Attends to all staff queries regarding training programs and advises them on methods of applying. * Dispatches Evaluation forms to obtain employees’ feedback about training programs attended immediately after completion of programs and dispatches the same to employees’ supervisors after 3 months of completing the programs to assess the importance and impact of different programs. Analyzes feedback and prepares reports and own comments and recommendations for the reference of AADC’s Managing Director, Deputy Managing Director and ADWEA aiming at continuous improvement of training programs. * Discusses and prepares an Annual action plan, related to training and development, with the Head of Manpower and planning development section covering matters such as weaknesses of current system, suggestions and overall training objectives of AADC. Gathers/ prepares data concerning number of employees in AADC, their grades, costs of training programs, number of training days, nationalities of employees and other information to calculate the budget required for the training programs in accordance to ADWEA Academy’s policies. * Oversees applications of Interns and coordinates with their universities to bring them into AADC. Coordinates with line managers to accommodate and evaluate interns as well as issues ‘Training Certificates’ to them. * Super vises the work of Assistant Training Officer. Work Relations & Contacts Regular contact with Assistant Training Officer to give work directions and receive feedback. * Regular contact with the Head of Manpower and Planning section to receive work directions and give feedback and reports. * Coordinates with all AADC departments to inform them of different training programs and oversee their participation. * In contact with ADWEA Academy to receive training program schedules and give feedback and comments on completed programs. * Regular contact with all AADC employees and their supervisors to oversee their attendance in training programs and receive their feedback. Annual contact with Finance department to discuss training budget. * Occasional contact with Universities, colleges and trainees to invite and approve student internships in AADC as well as issue ‘Training Certificates’ for them. Accountability for Actions & Impacts * Improving the training plan and programs o f all AADC employees. * Preparation of AADC’s annual training program and plan. * Proper implementation of training plan. * Reports to: Head of Manpower and Planning Section. * Financial Dimensions: Prepares Training Budget. Job specification (Qualification) * Completed a Bachelor’s Degree in Business and Administration, Human Resources or related field. * 5 years of experience out of which 2 years in training department or relevant role. * Good communication and leadership skills. * PC. Literacy: MS. Office. * Very good spoken & written Arabic and English. Opinion How does this job fit with the company? It dose fit the company by Increased productivity, reduced employee turnover, whenever it low was good for the company. Also, strengthen the company by putting the employees update with the new technologies, building a more effective, efficient and highly motivated team which improves employee morale and enhances the company's competitive position. Moreover, provide adequate replacements for employees who may move up or leave in the organization. How this job does fits in the UAE needs? They are the best water and electricity distribution companies, distribute water and electricity in a secure, reliable, safe, cost-effective manner and environmentally responsible, ensure that they provide a highest levels of quality and excellence. In addition, satisfy UAE customer needs and ensuring that all business actions are driven by their needs. Their Excellence â€Å"Strive to achieve the highest possible standards in day-to-day work and in the quality of the outcomes provided†. Linked to http://www. aadc. ae/ENGLISH/EN-T2-mission. html Conclusion In this assignment I learned that HR-Training and Development major is not easy and it really requires high qualifications. Furthermore, I knew more and more about this job such as nature of the organization, job description and duties and job requirements.

Gravitational Force

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Apples had a significant contribution to the discovery of gravitation. The English physicist Isaac Newton (1642-1727) introduced the term â€Å"gravity† after he saw an apple falling onto the ground in his garden. â€Å"Gravity† is the force of attraction exerted by the earth on an object. The moon orbits around the earth because of gravity too. Newton later proposed that gravity was just a particular case of gravitation. Every mass in the universe attracts every other mass. This is the main idea of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. A portrait of Issac Newton. Courtesy of AIP Emilio Segre VisualArchives, W. F. Meggers Collection. The law was published in Newton's famous work, the Principia (â€Å"Mathematical Principles of Natural Knowledge†) in 1687. It states that every particle in the universe exerts a force on every other particle along the line joining their centers. The magnitude of the force is directly proportion al to the product of the masses of the two particles, and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them. In mathematical terms: By team C007571, ThinkQuest2000. where and are the masses of the two particles, r is the distance between the two masses, F is the gravitational force between hem, and G is the universal gravitational constant, . The above equation only calculates the gravitational force of the simplest case between two particles. What if there are more than two? In that case, we calculate the resultant gravitational force on a particle by finding the vector sum of all the gravitational forces acting on it: By adding the unit vector to the equation, F now processes a direction! Interactively test the effects of gravitation on planets! Newton derived the relation in such a way that F is proportional to m because the force on a falling body (remember the apple? ) is directly roportional to its mass by Newton's 2nd law of motion: F = ma, so F is proportion al to m . When the earth exerts a force on the falling body, by Newton's 3rd law of Motion, the falling body exerts an equal and opposite force on the earth. Therefore, the gravitational force F is proportional to both the masses of the falling body and the earth, i. e. and . The inverse square relationship , was justified by observing the motion of the moon. View of a full moon. Courtesy of NIX NASA Image Exchange Photo ID: AS11-44-6667 Date Taken: 07/21/69 Johannas Kepler Courtesy of : AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives. Newton's Law of UniversalGravitation has successfully explained the observation on planetary movements made by the German astronomer Kepler (1571-1630). It works perfectly well in the world of ordinary experience and has dominated for about 250 years. It, however, shows its shortcomings when explaining the unusual orbit of Mercury around the Sun. It breaks down when the gravitational forces get very strong or involving bodies moving at speeds near that of light. Ein stein's General Theory of Relativity of 1915, which has overcome this limitations of Newton's Law, was able to demonstrate a better theory of gravitation. Home Gravitational potential energy

Cultural and Linguistic Differences in African and Puerto Rican Studies Essay

Academic failure in the United States is common among African-American and Latino. Cultural diversity and linguistic differences are among the causes. In order to solve this, teachers must be knowledgeable about the effect of culture on the behavior, learning styles, and preferred teaching styles of the students in a multicultural classroom and use the differences for growth and development of the students. In multicultural classrooms, teachers must be aware of the needs of their students inside or outside of class. A teacher should not make inappropriate assumptions or judgment as the students may get estranged from one another and to the teacher. Students who grew up in different learning system respond and treat teachers differently and to avoid cultural clash and miscommunication, the teacher should be open to the students. Language difference is also an important issue that should be addressed. Teachers must not assume all the time that a â€Å"Latino-looking† student knows Latino culture. Bringing up a Latino culture in class can also be embarrassing. It should not also be assumed that there are culture hierarchies as written in many textbooks such that Caucasian culture is somehow superior to other cultures (Fish 2008). African-American students, like the Latinos, have a high record of academic failure due to teachers’ differential attitudes towards African-Americans and diverse cultural ineptness. Every seven seconds of a school day, one African-American gets suspended; while in every forty-nine seconds, one African-American student drops out of school. In order to develop the education of African-Americans, education programs should improve the knowledge of teachers and administrators about the African-American culture, its impact on behavior and learning styles of the students. It is important to avoid biases because it may affect the interaction of the teacher towards the students. A teacher must be able to recognize cultural differences among students and treat it with respect; intervene when a Black student’s culture or language is being ridiculed; recognize their biases and experiences; do not allow students to segregate by culture, develop student’s appreciation to other culture; demand a single level of excellence to all students; do not judge students based on previous mistakes and accept that there are also language differences among Blacks (Keller 2005). The educational conditions of Latinos, like African-Americans, should be addressed. The number of Latinos who finished secondary education is way behind the White population. In 2003, only 48. 7% of Mexicans, 51. 7% of Dominican-origin, 63. 3% Puerto Ricans, and 68. 7% of Cubans have finished high school among 25 years and older. Among White students, the rate of high school completion is 84%. The statistics results are attributed to the historical educational condition of the Latinos in the United States where there is a continuous struggle in preserving the Latino culture and the Spanish language in the face of ‘Americanization’. Their education has been attached to the word ‘immigrant’ even though the majority of Latinos are born in the United States (Velez 2008). The number of Latino students has increased in from 6% in 1973 to 12% in 1993. Their performance in elementary and secondary education is significantly lower than the Anglo students. In reading at age 13 years, Latinos are two years below the Anglos; while in science, a 13-year-old Latino is equivalent to a 9-year-old Anglo. In 1991, the dropout rate of Latino students age 16-24 was very high with approximately 35. 3% compared to 13. 6% of African-American and 8. 9% of Anglo students. The dropout rate of Latino students was 2 ? times higher than the African-American students even though they have similar academic performance and socioeconomic status. This trend was observed since the 1980s especially among Latinos born outside the country. The dropout rate however of U. S. -born Latinos (24%) was more than twice higher than African-Americans. The major causes of low academic performance are low socioeconomic status and language. Many Latino children came from poor families whose parents are likely to have limited education and have difficulty in comprehending with English language. Students with limited English proficiency perform lower than those with full English proficiency. Among the 2. 3 million students with limited English proficiency, 75% are Spanish-speaking (Slavin and Calderon 2000). The problem of choosing the right language for instruction cannot be solved through bilingual programs and English immersion programs which abruptly shift to English-only instruction. However, Spanish-speaking students with limited English proficiency taught to transition to English from reading Spanish become better readers than students who are taught to read in English only. The focus of bilingual programs should be the quality of instruction in Spanish. If students fail in Spanish, they won’t succeed in English; but, according from research, students who are successful in Spanish will be successful in English as well (Slavin and Calderon 2000). The academic slowdown of the Latinos due to inappropriate teaching methods is not acknowledged by many educators. They believed that the educational methods they are employing are enough and the problem relies on the students, students who do not go to school regularly and students who have ‘special’ needs. The advanced academic strategies are not efficient if the educators will continue to perceive that students from different race with different language are ‘disadvantaged’ and ‘culturally inferior’. The model ‘social pathology’ or cultural deprivation is used to identify the academic failure of the Latinos, but it is inefficient and deficient-based. The same model has branded Latino students as ‘mentally retarded’, ‘linguistically handicapped’, ‘culturally and linguistically deprived’, ‘semi-lingual’, and ‘at risk’. Unfortunately, this model has influenced the educators and bilingual teachers to prefer Anglo students and lighter-skinned Latino students, and perceived working-class parents negatively than middle-class parents (Trueba and Bartolome 1997). There are researches which offer alternative models to explain the academic failure of the Latinos and other minority students still classify these students as in need of ‘specialized’ modes of instruction. However, these alternative models are still inefficient for the Latinos. The teachers’ mastery of promising instructional programs for culturally and linguistically different students is not a solution. Educators must consider a critical assessment of learning environments in political contexts and not rely on invalid assumptions (Trueba and Bartolome 1997). Puerto Ricans, just like the other Latinos, have experienced many problems in U. S. schools; but these problems are identified based from their backgrounds, culture family, language, and social class. In 1935, Puerto Rican students were classified as ‘slow learners’ according from the report from the New York City Chamber of Commerce. The results were based from the intelligences tests administered to 240 Puerto Rican children. Latino communities including Vito Marcantonio, an Italian-American politician, were dismayed by the discriminating result. Marcantonio argued that the tests did not recognized other considerable factors such as social, economic, linguistic, and environmental factors faced by the Puerto Rican children. The movement towards promoting the Puerto Ricans was continuous and slow-paced. Several researches were made addressing the educational issues of Puerto Ricans such as The Puerto Rican Study, The First Citywide Conference of the Puerto Rican, and The Losers. The status of Puerto Rican students was given more emphasis. It was found that there was a high rate of dropout. Low attendance rates, and poor academic achievement. The teachers and administrators were discovered to be uniformed unsympathetic to the situation of Puerto Rican students (Nieto 2000). Although there is continuous struggle in changing the curriculum for the Puerto Ricans, the educational system and teaching methods have not adjusted. In an ethnographic research by Eugene Bucchioni, there were still ‘assimilationist pressures’ in the teaching methods and curriculum content. There was a continuous discrimination to Spanish-speaking students and to a definition of nutritious diet where there were no Puerto Rican foods included (Nieto 2000). In the research The Puerto Rican Study, significant recommendations were listed in order to meet the needs of Puerto Rican children such as formulation of policy for the assessment of non-English speaking students; recognize English as a second language only; invest on improving instructional programs for non-English speaking pupils; and others. One of the best solutions for academic failure of Latino students (Cordasco 1978). On of the best programs for Latino students and other minority students is perhaps to reform the entire school, including the curriculum, instruction, and evaluation. A curriculum by Slavin and Calderon (2000), Success for All, integrates innovative curricula and instructional methods in reading, writing, and language arts for elementary education. There is one-to-one tutoring for students with reading difficulties, family support services, assessment program for students’ progress, instructional strategies appropriate for Spanish language and Latino culture, use of Spanish novels, cooperative learning activities to help transition from English to Spanish reading, and others (Slavin and Calderon 2000). Nowadays, maintaining a multicultural classroom is an increasing priority for educators which involves restructuring the classroom evaluation and punishment techniques and opening up for cultural differences (Fish 2008). The population of Latinos in the United States is increasing and their needs should be addresses. The educational success of Latinos together with African-Americans is significant on the country’s economy and technological future because of the large population. The strengths of these populations can be the strength of the country as well (Trueba and Bartolome 1997). Works Cited Cordasco, F. (1978). Bilingual Education in New York City: A Compendium of Reports, Ayer Publishing. Retrieved 13 may, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=cyJxZ76vxM4C&hl=tl Fish, L. (2008). â€Å"Building Blocks: The First Steps of Creating a Multicultural Classroom. † Retrieved 13 may, 2008, from http://www. edchange. org/multicultural/papers/buildingblocks. html. Keller, E. (2005). â€Å"Strategies for Teaching Science to African American Students. † Retrieved 13 May, 2008, from http://www. as. wvu. edu/~equity/african. html#sect1. Nieto, S. (2000). Puerto Rican Students in U. S. Schools, Lawrence Erlabaum Associates. Retrieved 13 may, 2008, from http://books. google. com. ph/books? id=ZoSpQQ-sevAC Slavin, R. E. and M. Calderon (2000). Effective Programs for Latino Students, Lawrence Erlabum Associates. Retrieved 13 may, 2008, http://books. google. com/books? id=tEnSx4o_NXsC&hl=tl Trueba, E. T. and L. I. Bartolome. (1997). â€Å"The Education of Latino Students: Is School Reform Enough? † Retrieved 13 May, 2008, from http://www. ericdigests. org/1998 1/latino. htm. Velez, W. (2008). â€Å"The Educational Experiences of Latinos in the United States. † Retrieved 13 May, 2008, from http://www. springerlink. com/content/h8632636146060t3/.

Consumers’ Preferences for Coca Cola and Pepsi Essay

Recommendation provided by Yayra Consulting firm for the Coca Cola Corporation and Pepsi Corporation is as follows:Based on the survey I found that a majority preferred Coca Cola over Pepsi. The consumers that preferred Coca Cola were influenced by the products taste. Both Coca Cola consumers as well as Pepsi consumers were loyal to their product of preference. In both cases I found consumers who have consumed Coca Cola and Pepsi for over 20 years. I recommend that Coca Cola continue to invest in advertisements due to the fact that from those who preferred Coca Cola were influenced by their advertisements and their use of celebrities. Consumers did say that if they did not have a choice and Pepsi was their only choice they would sometimes drink Pepsi. This leads me to recommend Coca Cola to increase their presence in areas where they currently are not. This will give the consumer an option and loyal consumers will stay with their preference. I would recommend that Coca Cola ensures t hat their product is available at the convenience of their consumers. My recommendation for Pepsi would be to target the younger community by incorporating cartoon characters on their products. This recommendation is due to the fact that from those surveyed I found that the younger generation liked the Pepsi sweeter taste more than what those surveyed described as crisp flavor for Coca Cola. Pepsi:Two out of the 5 people surveyed preferred Pepsi over Coca Cola. Out of the two surveyed for Pepsi both preferred Pepsi’s taste. Price did not influence choice. Out of the two Pepsi preferred consumers stated that they drank < 1 cup – 4 cups per day. Of the two surveyed both stated that they would sometimes chose Coca Cola if they had no other choice. Of the two surveyed the years consuming the product ranged from 9 – 20 + years. Only one of the two surveyed exclusively consumed Pepsi in their family. Both Pepsi consumers surveyed were attracted to Pepsi’s advertisements. APPENDIX BProduct Profitability analysis between Coca Cola and Pepsi:The product I have chosen is Coca Cola versus Pepsi for analysis. From research I found that Coca Cola net sales/revenues were $24,088,000. Cost of goods sold were $8,154,000 the difference between both sales/revenues and cost of goods sold resulted in a gross profit of $15,924,000 in 2006. The net income in 2006 was $5,080,000. For Pepsi I found that net revenue for 2006 were $35,137,000. Cost of goods sold was $15,762,000. The difference between the revenue and cost of goods sold in 2006 for Pepsi showed a net profit of $6,439,000. The net income in  2006 was $6,439,000. The importance of the financial data is to show areas in which the corporation is excelling and may want to continue to invest in. The financial data analysis in detail also reveals areas in which the corporation is losing money and from the findings the corporation can decide to change its approach in the particular area in order to prevent further financial losses. Also, the data helps management to identify these areas where there is loss and take action that leads to increased profits. Based on the net income of 2006 for Pepsi I would say one of the factors that contribute to the edge they have over Coca Cola is that Pepsi is more diversified in the products that they produce. Pepsi not only distributes the nonalcoholic beverages they also distribute a variety of sweet and salty snack products. APPENDIX CSWOT ANALYSIS – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats:Strengths:Coca Cola:Coca Cola is a well established international nonalcoholic beverage corporation. They are well established in the market and are one of the largest nonalcoholic beverage companies in the world. Coca cola has over 400 brands from water to sports drinks. Coca Cola continues to invest in advertisements for their products, which contributes to their strong presence in the beverage market. They are addressing innovative ways to provide healthy drinks for consumers. Pepsi:Pepsi is also a well established international nonalcoholic beverage corporation. In addition to beverages Pepsi sells snacks such as the Frito Lay chips. They operate globally and have penetrated the market through advertisements, which influences increased sales. Pepsi using a distribution network to sell their products. They sell to distributors based on customer needs. Their established presence in the market contributes to their continued success and sets the stage for new successes with new products distributed by Pepsi. Weaknesses:Coca Cola:Coca Cola in 2006 some external factors caused a  reduction in income due to foreign exchange negatively impacted operation income in a decrease of 1% in European Union, Bottling investments, Brazil, and Latin America. Higher interest rates also affected Coca Colas profits. In 2006 they had a decrease of $42M compared to the prior year. Their main competitor which is Pepsi has a strong presence in not only the nonalcoholic beverages but also in salty snacks such as the Frito Lay chips corporation. Coca Cola products are strictly beverage drinks and I believe that this is a weakness for them. Pepsi:Similar to Coca Cola Pepsi operates on customer demand. If they were to market a new product that consumers don’t like Pepsi is at risk of losing sales and revenue. Other factors that can have a negative impact to Pepsi’s continued success are external factors like inflation, interest rates, and political issues. This corporation is heavily dependant on technology to run the day-to-day business. If anything were to go wrong with the technology they can be negatively impacted. Another issue that is of concern to the Pepsi organization is the fact that in recent years consumers have become more aware of health concerns. People are beginning to hold those responsible for distributing foods that are disease causing such as illnesses associated with obesity. To continue on the topic of health, Pepsi continues to distribute diet drinks containing aspartame which has been linked to cancer. APPENDIX C (Continued)Opportunities:Coca Cola:Coca Cola continues to invest on innovative products. This leads to having the ability to stay ahead of their competitors such as Pepsi. With Coca Cola being an international business the ability to be innovative provides further success in an ever changing world. In regards to being innovative, through innovation Coca Cola has the opportunity to put out healthy products into the market and address how their product affects the health of their consumers. Coca Cola to date has increased their diet products by through their partnership with Splenda, a diet substitute, by providing a variety of diet Coca Cola drinks. I also believe that Coca Cola should branch out like Pepsi into the snack industry. By doing so,they can have more of a competitive edge over Pepsi by providing snacks that are healthy in combination with innovative health drinks. Pepsi:Pepsi already participates in the distribution of snacks as well as their Pepsi drinks however, the snacks distributed are considered to be unhealthy. They should put more focus on providing healthier products for the consumer. This would provide more profitable opportunities for Pepsi. They would be reaching consumers who in today’s changing world are more health conscience than ever before. APPENDIX C (Continued)Threats:Coca Cola:The threats for Coca Cola are the constant increase new competitors entering the market. They have to constantly be aware of who their competitors are and what they are offering the market so that they can stay ahead of their competitors. Coca Cola dependence on technology is also a threat because in today’s advanced technological world there is always some kind of external threat including hackers, viruses that can corrupt critical financial information as well as product information. Another factor that can be a threat to Coca Cola is the interest rates increase. This can directly affect Coca Cola’s profits which can result in a loss. Pepsi:The threats for Pepsi are their contribution to the unhealthy snacks that they distribute to the consumer. I think that corporations have a social responsibility to provide healthy food products and not products that can cause ill health. Pepsi not only distributes nonalcoholic beverages but it also distributes snacks such as Lays chips, Doritos, Fritos to name a few. These snacks are considered unhealthy and I think that they should invest in innovative ways to come up with healthy snacks to the health conscience consumer. In recent years consumers have sued corporations for distributing food products that have lead to poor health. Therefore, with the threat of potential lawsuits Pepsi needs to address this issue and provide a product that consumers would consider to be healthy. CONCLUSION The fact remains that Coca Cola and Pepsi are each others main competitors. My recommendations for Coca Cola to invest in increasing their presence where they currently are not and continued investments in advertisements I believe will put them ahead of Pepsi. Also, Coca Cola  should branch out into distributing snacks but not just any snack but a healthy alternative snack for the increased awareness consumers have in today’s market. Pepsi consumers favored their sweet taste that was especially appealing to young consumers. My recommendation that they advertise with cartoon characters by targeting the youth I believe would lead to increased sales and increased profits for Pepsi. I also believe that Pepsi should invest in providing healthier drinks and snacks for their consumers. They already are in the market for the snacks if they began selling healthy versions of the existing snacks I believe that would also give them an edge over Coca Cola being that Coca Cola has yet to invest in the distribution of snacks. In conclusion, Coca Cola and Pepsi are successful companies that are well established in the market. This gives them an edge in the market that new competitors joining the market don’t have. That being said they still face the constant threat of new competitors and existing ones and must continue to invest in innovative ways that will keep them ahead of the competition. Also, companies have a social responsibility to provide healthy products for consumers especially in today’s world with consumers being more health conscience and demanding quality products from the food industry. Citation New York Stock Exchange:PEPSI http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/pep.htmlhttp://www.pepsico.com/PEP_Investors/AnnualReports/06/PepsiCo2006Annual.pdfCOKE http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/ko.htmlhttp://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/pdfs/form_10K_2006.pdf